Source code for apache_beam.io.gcp.datastore.v1.datastoreio

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"""A connector for reading from and writing to Google Cloud Datastore"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division

import logging
import time
from builtins import object

from apache_beam.io.gcp.datastore.v1 import helper
from apache_beam.io.gcp.datastore.v1 import query_splitter
from apache_beam.io.gcp.datastore.v1 import util
from apache_beam.io.gcp.datastore.v1.adaptive_throttler import AdaptiveThrottler
from apache_beam.metrics.metric import Metrics
from apache_beam.transforms import Create
from apache_beam.transforms import DoFn
from apache_beam.transforms import FlatMap
from apache_beam.transforms import GroupByKey
from apache_beam.transforms import Map
from apache_beam.transforms import ParDo
from apache_beam.transforms import PTransform
from apache_beam.transforms.util import Values

# Protect against environments where datastore library is not available.
# pylint: disable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position
try:
  from google.cloud.proto.datastore.v1 import datastore_pb2
  from googledatastore import helper as datastore_helper
except ImportError:
  pass
# pylint: enable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position


__all__ = ['ReadFromDatastore', 'WriteToDatastore', 'DeleteFromDatastore']


[docs]class ReadFromDatastore(PTransform): """A ``PTransform`` for reading from Google Cloud Datastore. To read a ``PCollection[Entity]`` from a Cloud Datastore ``Query``, use ``ReadFromDatastore`` transform by providing a `project` id and a `query` to read from. You can optionally provide a `namespace` and/or specify how many splits you want for the query through `num_splits` option. Note: Normally, a runner will read from Cloud Datastore in parallel across many workers. However, when the `query` is configured with a `limit` or if the query contains inequality filters like `GREATER_THAN, LESS_THAN` etc., then all the returned results will be read by a single worker in order to ensure correct data. Since data is read from a single worker, this could have significant impact on the performance of the job. The semantics for the query splitting is defined below: 1. If `num_splits` is equal to 0, then the number of splits will be chosen dynamically at runtime based on the query data size. 2. Any value of `num_splits` greater than `ReadFromDatastore._NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MAX` will be capped at that value. 3. If the `query` has a user limit set, or contains inequality filters, then `num_splits` will be ignored and no split will be performed. 4. Under certain cases Cloud Datastore is unable to split query to the requested number of splits. In such cases we just use whatever the Cloud Datastore returns. See https://developers.google.com/datastore/ for more details on Google Cloud Datastore. """ # An upper bound on the number of splits for a query. _NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MAX = 50000 # A lower bound on the number of splits for a query. This is to ensure that # we parellelize the query even when Datastore statistics are not available. _NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MIN = 12 # Default bundle size of 64MB. _DEFAULT_BUNDLE_SIZE_BYTES = 64 * 1024 * 1024 def __init__(self, project, query, namespace=None, num_splits=0): """Initialize the `ReadFromDatastore` transform. Args: project: The ID of the project to read from. query: Cloud Datastore query to be read from. namespace: An optional namespace. num_splits: Number of splits for the query. """ # Import here to avoid adding the dependency for local running scenarios. try: # pylint: disable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position from apitools.base import py # pylint: disable=unused-variable except ImportError: raise ImportError( 'Google Cloud IO not available, ' 'please install apache_beam[gcp]') logging.warning('datastoreio read transform is experimental.') super(ReadFromDatastore, self).__init__() if not project: ValueError("Project cannot be empty") if not query: ValueError("Query cannot be empty") if num_splits < 0: ValueError("num_splits must be greater than or equal 0") self._project = project # using _namespace conflicts with DisplayData._namespace self._datastore_namespace = namespace self._query = query self._num_splits = num_splits
[docs] def expand(self, pcoll): # This is a composite transform involves the following: # 1. Create a singleton of the user provided `query` and apply a ``ParDo`` # that splits the query into `num_splits` and assign each split query a # unique `int` as the key. The resulting output is of the type # ``PCollection[(int, Query)]``. # # If the value of `num_splits` is less than or equal to 0, then the # number of splits will be computed dynamically based on the size of the # data for the `query`. # # 2. The resulting ``PCollection`` is sharded using a ``GroupByKey`` # operation. The queries are extracted from the (int, Iterable[Query]) and # flattened to output a ``PCollection[Query]``. # # 3. In the third step, a ``ParDo`` reads entities for each query and # outputs a ``PCollection[Entity]``. queries = (pcoll.pipeline | 'UserQuery' >> Create([self._query]) | 'SplitQuery' >> ParDo(ReadFromDatastore.SplitQueryFn( self._project, self._query, self._datastore_namespace, self._num_splits))) sharded_queries = (queries | GroupByKey() | Values() | 'Flatten' >> FlatMap(lambda x: x)) entities = sharded_queries | 'Read' >> ParDo( ReadFromDatastore.ReadFn(self._project, self._datastore_namespace)) return entities
[docs] def display_data(self): disp_data = {'project': self._project, 'query': str(self._query), 'num_splits': self._num_splits} if self._datastore_namespace is not None: disp_data['namespace'] = self._datastore_namespace return disp_data
[docs] class SplitQueryFn(DoFn): """A `DoFn` that splits a given query into multiple sub-queries.""" def __init__(self, project, query, namespace, num_splits): super(ReadFromDatastore.SplitQueryFn, self).__init__() self._datastore = None self._project = project self._datastore_namespace = namespace self._query = query self._num_splits = num_splits
[docs] def start_bundle(self): self._datastore = helper.get_datastore(self._project)
[docs] def process(self, query, *args, **kwargs): # distinct key to be used to group query splits. key = 1 # If query has a user set limit, then the query cannot be split. if query.HasField('limit'): return [(key, query)] # Compute the estimated numSplits if not specified by the user. if self._num_splits == 0: estimated_num_splits = ReadFromDatastore.get_estimated_num_splits( self._project, self._datastore_namespace, self._query, self._datastore) else: estimated_num_splits = self._num_splits logging.info("Splitting the query into %d splits", estimated_num_splits) try: query_splits = query_splitter.get_splits( self._datastore, query, estimated_num_splits, helper.make_partition(self._project, self._datastore_namespace)) except Exception: logging.warning("Unable to parallelize the given query: %s", query, exc_info=True) query_splits = [query] sharded_query_splits = [] for split_query in query_splits: sharded_query_splits.append((key, split_query)) key += 1 return sharded_query_splits
[docs] def display_data(self): disp_data = {'project': self._project, 'query': str(self._query), 'num_splits': self._num_splits} if self._datastore_namespace is not None: disp_data['namespace'] = self._datastore_namespace return disp_data
[docs] class ReadFn(DoFn): """A DoFn that reads entities from Cloud Datastore, for a given query.""" def __init__(self, project, namespace=None): super(ReadFromDatastore.ReadFn, self).__init__() self._project = project self._datastore_namespace = namespace self._datastore = None
[docs] def start_bundle(self): self._datastore = helper.get_datastore(self._project)
[docs] def process(self, query, *args, **kwargs): # Returns an iterator of entities that reads in batches. entities = helper.fetch_entities(self._project, self._datastore_namespace, query, self._datastore) return entities
[docs] def display_data(self): disp_data = {'project': self._project} if self._datastore_namespace is not None: disp_data['namespace'] = self._datastore_namespace return disp_data
[docs] @staticmethod def query_latest_statistics_timestamp(project, namespace, datastore): """Fetches the latest timestamp of statistics from Cloud Datastore. Cloud Datastore system tables with statistics are periodically updated. This method fethes the latest timestamp (in microseconds) of statistics update using the `__Stat_Total__` table. """ query = helper.make_latest_timestamp_query(namespace) req = helper.make_request(project, namespace, query) resp = datastore.run_query(req) if not resp.batch.entity_results: raise RuntimeError("Datastore total statistics unavailable.") entity = resp.batch.entity_results[0].entity return datastore_helper.micros_from_timestamp( entity.properties['timestamp'].timestamp_value)
[docs] @staticmethod def get_estimated_size_bytes(project, namespace, query, datastore): """Get the estimated size of the data returned by the given query. Cloud Datastore provides no way to get a good estimate of how large the result of a query is going to be. Hence we use the __Stat_Kind__ system table to get size of the entire kind as an approximate estimate, assuming exactly 1 kind is specified in the query. See https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs/concepts/stats. """ kind = query.kind[0].name latest_timestamp = ReadFromDatastore.query_latest_statistics_timestamp( project, namespace, datastore) logging.info('Latest stats timestamp for kind %s is %s', kind, latest_timestamp) kind_stats_query = ( helper.make_kind_stats_query(namespace, kind, latest_timestamp)) req = helper.make_request(project, namespace, kind_stats_query) resp = datastore.run_query(req) if not resp.batch.entity_results: raise RuntimeError("Datastore statistics for kind %s unavailable" % kind) entity = resp.batch.entity_results[0].entity return datastore_helper.get_value(entity.properties['entity_bytes'])
[docs] @staticmethod def get_estimated_num_splits(project, namespace, query, datastore): """Computes the number of splits to be performed on the given query.""" try: estimated_size_bytes = ReadFromDatastore.get_estimated_size_bytes( project, namespace, query, datastore) logging.info('Estimated size bytes for query: %s', estimated_size_bytes) num_splits = int(min(ReadFromDatastore._NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MAX, round( (float(estimated_size_bytes) / ReadFromDatastore._DEFAULT_BUNDLE_SIZE_BYTES)))) except Exception as e: logging.warning('Failed to fetch estimated size bytes: %s', e) # Fallback in case estimated size is unavailable. num_splits = ReadFromDatastore._NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MIN return max(num_splits, ReadFromDatastore._NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MIN)
class _Mutate(PTransform): """A ``PTransform`` that writes mutations to Cloud Datastore. Only idempotent Datastore mutation operations (upsert and delete) are supported, as the commits are retried when failures occur. """ _WRITE_BATCH_INITIAL_SIZE = 200 # Max allowed Datastore writes per batch, and max bytes per batch. # Note that the max bytes per batch set here is lower than the 10MB limit # actually enforced by the API, to leave space for the CommitRequest wrapper # around the mutations. _WRITE_BATCH_MAX_SIZE = 500 _WRITE_BATCH_MAX_BYTES_SIZE = 9000000 _WRITE_BATCH_MIN_SIZE = 10 _WRITE_BATCH_TARGET_LATENCY_MS = 5000 def __init__(self, project, mutation_fn): """Initializes a Mutate transform. Args: project: The Project ID mutation_fn: A function that converts `entities` or `keys` to `mutations`. """ self._project = project self._mutation_fn = mutation_fn logging.warning('datastoreio write transform is experimental.') def expand(self, pcoll): return (pcoll | 'Convert to Mutation' >> Map(self._mutation_fn) | 'Write Mutation to Datastore' >> ParDo(_Mutate.DatastoreWriteFn( self._project))) def display_data(self): return {'project': self._project, 'mutation_fn': self._mutation_fn.__class__.__name__} class _DynamicBatchSizer(object): """Determines request sizes for future Datastore RPCS.""" def __init__(self): self._commit_time_per_entity_ms = util.MovingSum(window_ms=120000, bucket_ms=10000) def get_batch_size(self, now): """Returns the recommended size for datastore RPCs at this time.""" if not self._commit_time_per_entity_ms.has_data(now): return _Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_INITIAL_SIZE recent_mean_latency_ms = (self._commit_time_per_entity_ms.sum(now) // self._commit_time_per_entity_ms.count(now)) return max(_Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_MIN_SIZE, min(_Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_MAX_SIZE, _Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_TARGET_LATENCY_MS // max(recent_mean_latency_ms, 1) )) def report_latency(self, now, latency_ms, num_mutations): """Reports the latency of an RPC to Datastore. Args: now: double, completion time of the RPC as seconds since the epoch. latency_ms: double, the observed latency in milliseconds for this RPC. num_mutations: int, number of mutations contained in the RPC. """ self._commit_time_per_entity_ms.add(now, latency_ms / num_mutations) class DatastoreWriteFn(DoFn): """A ``DoFn`` that write mutations to Datastore. Mutations are written in batches, where the maximum batch size is `_Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_SIZE`. Commits are non-transactional. If a commit fails because of a conflict over an entity group, the commit will be retried. This means that the mutation should be idempotent (`upsert` and `delete` mutations) to prevent duplicate data or errors. """ def __init__(self, project, fixed_batch_size=None): """ Args: project: str, the cloud project id. fixed_batch_size: int, for testing only, this forces all batches of writes to be a fixed size, for easier unittesting. """ self._project = project self._datastore = None self._fixed_batch_size = fixed_batch_size self._rpc_successes = Metrics.counter( _Mutate.DatastoreWriteFn, "datastoreRpcSuccesses") self._rpc_errors = Metrics.counter( _Mutate.DatastoreWriteFn, "datastoreRpcErrors") self._throttled_secs = Metrics.counter( _Mutate.DatastoreWriteFn, "cumulativeThrottlingSeconds") self._throttler = AdaptiveThrottler(window_ms=120000, bucket_ms=1000, overload_ratio=1.25) def _update_rpc_stats(self, successes=0, errors=0, throttled_secs=0): self._rpc_successes.inc(successes) self._rpc_errors.inc(errors) self._throttled_secs.inc(throttled_secs) def start_bundle(self): self._mutations = [] self._mutations_size = 0 self._datastore = helper.get_datastore(self._project) if self._fixed_batch_size: self._target_batch_size = self._fixed_batch_size else: self._batch_sizer = _Mutate._DynamicBatchSizer() self._target_batch_size = self._batch_sizer.get_batch_size( time.time()*1000) def process(self, element): size = element.ByteSize() if (self._mutations and size + self._mutations_size > _Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_MAX_BYTES_SIZE): self._flush_batch() self._mutations.append(element) self._mutations_size += size if len(self._mutations) >= self._target_batch_size: self._flush_batch() def finish_bundle(self): if self._mutations: self._flush_batch() def _flush_batch(self): # Flush the current batch of mutations to Cloud Datastore. _, latency_ms = helper.write_mutations( self._datastore, self._project, self._mutations, self._throttler, self._update_rpc_stats, throttle_delay=_Mutate._WRITE_BATCH_TARGET_LATENCY_MS//1000) logging.debug("Successfully wrote %d mutations in %dms.", len(self._mutations), latency_ms) if not self._fixed_batch_size: now = time.time()*1000 self._batch_sizer.report_latency(now, latency_ms, len(self._mutations)) self._target_batch_size = self._batch_sizer.get_batch_size(now) self._mutations = [] self._mutations_size = 0
[docs]class WriteToDatastore(_Mutate): """A ``PTransform`` to write a ``PCollection[Entity]`` to Cloud Datastore.""" def __init__(self, project): """Initialize the `WriteToDatastore` transform. Args: project: The ID of the project to write to. """ # Import here to avoid adding the dependency for local running scenarios. try: # pylint: disable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position from apitools.base import py # pylint: disable=unused-variable except ImportError: raise ImportError( 'Google Cloud IO not available, ' 'please install apache_beam[gcp]') super(WriteToDatastore, self).__init__( project, WriteToDatastore.to_upsert_mutation)
[docs] @staticmethod def to_upsert_mutation(entity): if not helper.is_key_valid(entity.key): raise ValueError('Entities to be written to the Cloud Datastore must ' 'have complete keys:\n%s' % entity) mutation = datastore_pb2.Mutation() mutation.upsert.CopyFrom(entity) return mutation
[docs]class DeleteFromDatastore(_Mutate): """A ``PTransform`` to delete a ``PCollection[Key]`` from Cloud Datastore.""" def __init__(self, project): """Initialize the `DeleteFromDatastore` transform. Args: project: The ID of the project from which the entities will be deleted. """ super(DeleteFromDatastore, self).__init__( project, DeleteFromDatastore.to_delete_mutation)
[docs] @staticmethod def to_delete_mutation(key): if not helper.is_key_valid(key): raise ValueError('Keys to be deleted from the Cloud Datastore must be ' 'complete:\n%s", key') mutation = datastore_pb2.Mutation() mutation.delete.CopyFrom(key) return mutation