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"""``PTransforms`` for reading from and writing to Avro files.
Provides two read ``PTransform``s, ``ReadFromAvro`` and ``ReadAllFromAvro``,
that produces a ``PCollection`` of records.
Each record of this ``PCollection`` will contain a single record read from
an Avro file. Records that are of simple types will be mapped into
corresponding Python types. Records that are of Avro type 'RECORD' will be
mapped to Python dictionaries that comply with the schema contained in the
Avro file that contains those records. In this case, keys of each dictionary
will contain the corresponding field names and will be of type ``string``
while the values of the dictionary will be of the type defined in the
corresponding Avro schema.
For example, if schema of the Avro file is the following.
{"namespace": "example.avro","type": "record","name": "User","fields":
[{"name": "name", "type": "string"},
{"name": "favorite_number", "type": ["int", "null"]},
{"name": "favorite_color", "type": ["string", "null"]}]}
Then records generated by read transforms will be dictionaries of the
following form.
{u'name': u'Alyssa', u'favorite_number': 256, u'favorite_color': None}).
Additionally, this module provides a write ``PTransform`` ``WriteToAvro``
that can be used to write a given ``PCollection`` of Python objects to an
Avro file.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
import io
import os
import zlib
from builtins import object
from functools import partial
import avro
from avro import io as avroio
from avro import datafile
from avro import schema
from fastavro.read import block_reader
from fastavro.write import Writer
import apache_beam as beam
from apache_beam.io import filebasedsink
from apache_beam.io import filebasedsource
from apache_beam.io import iobase
from apache_beam.io.filesystem import CompressionTypes
from apache_beam.io.iobase import Read
from apache_beam.transforms import PTransform
__all__ = ['ReadFromAvro', 'ReadAllFromAvro', 'WriteToAvro']
[docs]class ReadFromAvro(PTransform):
"""A :class:`~apache_beam.transforms.ptransform.PTransform` for reading avro
files."""
def __init__(self, file_pattern=None, min_bundle_size=0, validate=True,
use_fastavro=False):
"""Initializes :class:`ReadFromAvro`.
Uses source :class:`~apache_beam.io._AvroSource` to read a set of Avro
files defined by a given file pattern.
If ``/mypath/myavrofiles*`` is a file-pattern that points to a set of Avro
files, a :class:`~apache_beam.pvalue.PCollection` for the records in
these Avro files can be created in the following manner.
.. testcode::
with beam.Pipeline() as p:
records = p | 'Read' >> beam.io.ReadFromAvro('/mypath/myavrofiles*')
.. NOTE: We're not actually interested in this error; but if we get here,
it means that the way of calling this transform hasn't changed.
.. testoutput::
:hide:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IOError: No files found based on the file pattern
Each record of this :class:`~apache_beam.pvalue.PCollection` will contain
a single record read from a source. Records that are of simple types will be
mapped into corresponding Python types. Records that are of Avro type
``RECORD`` will be mapped to Python dictionaries that comply with the schema
contained in the Avro file that contains those records. In this case, keys
of each dictionary will contain the corresponding field names and will be of
type :class:`str` while the values of the dictionary will be of the type
defined in the corresponding Avro schema.
For example, if schema of the Avro file is the following. ::
{
"namespace": "example.avro",
"type": "record",
"name": "User",
"fields": [
{"name": "name",
"type": "string"},
{"name": "favorite_number",
"type": ["int", "null"]},
{"name": "favorite_color",
"type": ["string", "null"]}
]
}
Then records generated by :class:`~apache_beam.io._AvroSource` will be
dictionaries of the following form. ::
{u'name': u'Alyssa', u'favorite_number': 256, u'favorite_color': None}).
Args:
file_pattern (str): the file glob to read
min_bundle_size (int): the minimum size in bytes, to be considered when
splitting the input into bundles.
validate (bool): flag to verify that the files exist during the pipeline
creation time.
use_fastavro (bool); when set, use the `fastavro` library for IO, which
is significantly faster, and will likely become the default
"""
super(ReadFromAvro, self).__init__()
self._source = _create_avro_source(
file_pattern,
min_bundle_size,
validate=validate,
use_fastavro=use_fastavro
)
[docs] def expand(self, pvalue):
return pvalue.pipeline | Read(self._source)
[docs] def display_data(self):
return {'source_dd': self._source}
[docs]class ReadAllFromAvro(PTransform):
"""A ``PTransform`` for reading ``PCollection`` of Avro files.
Uses source '_AvroSource' to read a ``PCollection`` of Avro files or
file patterns and produce a ``PCollection`` of Avro records.
"""
DEFAULT_DESIRED_BUNDLE_SIZE = 64 * 1024 * 1024 # 64MB
def __init__(self, min_bundle_size=0,
desired_bundle_size=DEFAULT_DESIRED_BUNDLE_SIZE,
use_fastavro=False,
label='ReadAllFiles'):
"""Initializes ``ReadAllFromAvro``.
Args:
min_bundle_size: the minimum size in bytes, to be considered when
splitting the input into bundles.
desired_bundle_size: the desired size in bytes, to be considered when
splitting the input into bundles.
"""
source_from_file = partial(
_create_avro_source,
min_bundle_size=min_bundle_size,
use_fastavro=use_fastavro
)
self._read_all_files = filebasedsource.ReadAllFiles(
True, CompressionTypes.AUTO, desired_bundle_size, min_bundle_size,
source_from_file)
self.label = label
[docs] def expand(self, pvalue):
return pvalue | self.label >> self._read_all_files
class _AvroUtils(object):
@staticmethod
def read_meta_data_from_file(f):
"""Reads metadata from a given Avro file.
Args:
f: Avro file to read.
Returns:
a tuple containing the codec, schema, and the sync marker of the Avro
file.
Raises:
ValueError: if the file does not start with the byte sequence defined in
the specification.
"""
if f.tell() > 0:
f.seek(0)
decoder = avroio.BinaryDecoder(f)
header = avroio.DatumReader().read_data(datafile.META_SCHEMA,
datafile.META_SCHEMA, decoder)
if header.get('magic') != datafile.MAGIC:
raise ValueError('Not an Avro file. File header should start with %s but'
'started with %s instead.'
% (datafile.MAGIC, header.get('magic')))
meta = header['meta']
if datafile.CODEC_KEY in meta:
codec = meta[datafile.CODEC_KEY]
else:
codec = 'null'
schema_string = meta[datafile.SCHEMA_KEY]
sync_marker = header['sync']
return codec, schema_string, sync_marker
@staticmethod
def read_block_from_file(f, codec, schema, expected_sync_marker):
"""Reads a block from a given Avro file.
Args:
f: Avro file to read.
codec: The codec to use for block-level decompression.
Supported codecs: 'null', 'deflate', 'snappy'
schema: Avro Schema definition represented as JSON string.
expected_sync_marker: Avro synchronization marker. If the block's sync
marker does not match with this parameter then ValueError is thrown.
Returns:
A single _AvroBlock.
Raises:
ValueError: If the block cannot be read properly because the file doesn't
match the specification.
"""
offset = f.tell()
decoder = avroio.BinaryDecoder(f)
num_records = decoder.read_long()
block_size = decoder.read_long()
block_bytes = decoder.read(block_size)
sync_marker = decoder.read(len(expected_sync_marker))
if sync_marker != expected_sync_marker:
raise ValueError('Unexpected sync marker (actual "%s" vs expected "%s"). '
'Maybe the underlying avro file is corrupted?'
% (sync_marker, expected_sync_marker))
size = f.tell() - offset
return _AvroBlock(block_bytes, num_records, codec, schema, offset, size)
@staticmethod
def advance_file_past_next_sync_marker(f, sync_marker):
buf_size = 10000
data = f.read(buf_size)
while data:
pos = data.find(sync_marker)
if pos >= 0:
# Adjusting the current position to the ending position of the sync
# marker.
backtrack = len(data) - pos - len(sync_marker)
f.seek(-1 * backtrack, os.SEEK_CUR)
return True
else:
if f.tell() >= len(sync_marker):
# Backtracking in case we partially read the sync marker during the
# previous read. We only have to backtrack if there are at least
# len(sync_marker) bytes before current position. We only have to
# backtrack (len(sync_marker) - 1) bytes.
f.seek(-1 * (len(sync_marker) - 1), os.SEEK_CUR)
data = f.read(buf_size)
def _create_avro_source(file_pattern=None,
min_bundle_size=None,
validate=False,
use_fastavro=False):
return \
_FastAvroSource(
file_pattern=file_pattern,
min_bundle_size=min_bundle_size,
validate=validate
) \
if use_fastavro \
else \
_AvroSource(
file_pattern=file_pattern,
min_bundle_size=min_bundle_size,
validate=validate
)
class _AvroBlock(object):
"""Represents a block of an Avro file."""
def __init__(self, block_bytes, num_records, codec, schema_string,
offset, size):
# Decompress data early on (if needed) and thus decrease the number of
# parallel copies of the data in memory at any given time during block
# iteration.
self._decompressed_block_bytes = self._decompress_bytes(block_bytes, codec)
self._num_records = num_records
self._schema = schema.parse(schema_string)
self._offset = offset
self._size = size
def size(self):
return self._size
def offset(self):
return self._offset
@staticmethod
def _decompress_bytes(data, codec):
if codec == 'null':
return data
elif codec == 'deflate':
# zlib.MAX_WBITS is the window size. '-' sign indicates that this is
# raw data (without headers). See zlib and Avro documentations for more
# details.
return zlib.decompress(data, -zlib.MAX_WBITS)
elif codec == 'snappy':
# Snappy is an optional avro codec.
# See Snappy and Avro documentation for more details.
try:
import snappy
except ImportError:
raise ValueError('Snappy does not seem to be installed.')
# Compressed data includes a 4-byte CRC32 checksum which we verify.
# We take care to avoid extra copies of data while slicing large objects
# by use of a memoryview.
result = snappy.decompress(memoryview(data)[:-4])
avroio.BinaryDecoder(io.BytesIO(data[-4:])).check_crc32(result)
return result
else:
raise ValueError('Unknown codec: %r' % codec)
def num_records(self):
return self._num_records
def records(self):
decoder = avroio.BinaryDecoder(
io.BytesIO(self._decompressed_block_bytes))
reader = avroio.DatumReader(
writers_schema=self._schema, readers_schema=self._schema)
current_record = 0
while current_record < self._num_records:
yield reader.read(decoder)
current_record += 1
class _AvroSource(filebasedsource.FileBasedSource):
"""A source for reading Avro files.
``_AvroSource`` is implemented using the file-based source framework available
in module 'filebasedsource'. Hence please refer to module 'filebasedsource'
to fully understand how this source implements operations common to all
file-based sources such as file-pattern expansion and splitting into bundles
for parallel processing.
"""
def read_records(self, file_name, range_tracker):
next_block_start = -1
def split_points_unclaimed(stop_position):
if next_block_start >= stop_position:
# Next block starts at or after the suggested stop position. Hence
# there will not be split points to be claimed for the range ending at
# suggested stop position.
return 0
return iobase.RangeTracker.SPLIT_POINTS_UNKNOWN
range_tracker.set_split_points_unclaimed_callback(split_points_unclaimed)
start_offset = range_tracker.start_position()
if start_offset is None:
start_offset = 0
with self.open_file(file_name) as f:
codec, schema_string, sync_marker = \
_AvroUtils.read_meta_data_from_file(f)
# We have to start at current position if previous bundle ended at the
# end of a sync marker.
start_offset = max(0, start_offset - len(sync_marker))
f.seek(start_offset)
_AvroUtils.advance_file_past_next_sync_marker(f, sync_marker)
next_block_start = f.tell()
while range_tracker.try_claim(next_block_start):
block = _AvroUtils.read_block_from_file(f, codec, schema_string,
sync_marker)
next_block_start = block.offset() + block.size()
for record in block.records():
yield record
class _FastAvroSource(filebasedsource.FileBasedSource):
"""A source for reading Avro files using the `fastavro` library.
``_FastAvroSource`` is implemented using the file-based source framework
available in module 'filebasedsource'. Hence please refer to module
'filebasedsource' to fully understand how this source implements operations
common to all file-based sources such as file-pattern expansion and splitting
into bundles for parallel processing.
TODO: remove ``_AvroSource`` in favor of using ``_FastAvroSource``
everywhere once it has been more widely tested
"""
def read_records(self, file_name, range_tracker):
next_block_start = -1
def split_points_unclaimed(stop_position):
if next_block_start >= stop_position:
# Next block starts at or after the suggested stop position. Hence
# there will not be split points to be claimed for the range ending at
# suggested stop position.
return 0
return iobase.RangeTracker.SPLIT_POINTS_UNKNOWN
range_tracker.set_split_points_unclaimed_callback(split_points_unclaimed)
start_offset = range_tracker.start_position()
if start_offset is None:
start_offset = 0
with self.open_file(file_name) as f:
blocks = block_reader(f)
sync_marker = blocks._header['sync']
# We have to start at current position if previous bundle ended at the
# end of a sync marker.
start_offset = max(0, start_offset - len(sync_marker))
f.seek(start_offset)
_AvroUtils.advance_file_past_next_sync_marker(f, sync_marker)
next_block_start = f.tell()
while range_tracker.try_claim(next_block_start):
block = next(blocks)
next_block_start = block.offset + block.size
for record in block:
yield record
[docs]class WriteToAvro(beam.transforms.PTransform):
"""A ``PTransform`` for writing avro files."""
def __init__(self,
file_path_prefix,
schema,
codec='deflate',
file_name_suffix='',
num_shards=0,
shard_name_template=None,
mime_type='application/x-avro',
use_fastavro=False):
"""Initialize a WriteToAvro transform.
Args:
file_path_prefix: The file path to write to. The files written will begin
with this prefix, followed by a shard identifier (see num_shards), and
end in a common extension, if given by file_name_suffix. In most cases,
only this argument is specified and num_shards, shard_name_template, and
file_name_suffix use default values.
schema: The schema to use, as returned by avro.schema.parse
codec: The codec to use for block-level compression. Any string supported
by the Avro specification is accepted (for example 'null').
file_name_suffix: Suffix for the files written.
num_shards: The number of files (shards) used for output. If not set, the
service will decide on the optimal number of shards.
Constraining the number of shards is likely to reduce
the performance of a pipeline. Setting this value is not recommended
unless you require a specific number of output files.
shard_name_template: A template string containing placeholders for
the shard number and shard count. When constructing a filename for a
particular shard number, the upper-case letters 'S' and 'N' are
replaced with the 0-padded shard number and shard count respectively.
This argument can be '' in which case it behaves as if num_shards was
set to 1 and only one file will be generated. The default pattern used
is '-SSSSS-of-NNNNN' if None is passed as the shard_name_template.
mime_type: The MIME type to use for the produced files, if the filesystem
supports specifying MIME types.
use_fastavro: when set, use the `fastavro` library for IO
Returns:
A WriteToAvro transform usable for writing.
"""
self._sink = \
_create_avro_sink(
file_path_prefix,
schema,
codec,
file_name_suffix,
num_shards,
shard_name_template,
mime_type,
use_fastavro
)
[docs] def expand(self, pcoll):
return pcoll | beam.io.iobase.Write(self._sink)
[docs] def display_data(self):
return {'sink_dd': self._sink}
def _create_avro_sink(file_path_prefix,
schema,
codec,
file_name_suffix,
num_shards,
shard_name_template,
mime_type,
use_fastavro):
return \
_FastAvroSink(
file_path_prefix,
schema,
codec,
file_name_suffix,
num_shards,
shard_name_template,
mime_type
) \
if use_fastavro \
else \
_AvroSink(
file_path_prefix,
schema,
codec,
file_name_suffix,
num_shards,
shard_name_template,
mime_type
)
class _AvroSink(filebasedsink.FileBasedSink):
"""A sink for avro files."""
def __init__(self,
file_path_prefix,
schema,
codec,
file_name_suffix,
num_shards,
shard_name_template,
mime_type):
super(_AvroSink, self).__init__(
file_path_prefix,
file_name_suffix=file_name_suffix,
num_shards=num_shards,
shard_name_template=shard_name_template,
coder=None,
mime_type=mime_type,
# Compression happens at the block level using the supplied codec, and
# not at the file level.
compression_type=CompressionTypes.UNCOMPRESSED)
self._schema = schema
self._codec = codec
def open(self, temp_path):
file_handle = super(_AvroSink, self).open(temp_path)
return avro.datafile.DataFileWriter(
file_handle, avro.io.DatumWriter(), self._schema, self._codec)
def write_record(self, writer, value):
writer.append(value)
def display_data(self):
res = super(_AvroSink, self).display_data()
res['codec'] = str(self._codec)
res['schema'] = str(self._schema)
return res
class _FastAvroSink(_AvroSink):
"""A sink for avro files that uses the `fastavro` library"""
def open(self, temp_path):
file_handle = super(_AvroSink, self).open(temp_path)
return Writer(file_handle, self._schema.to_json(), self._codec)
def write_record(self, writer, value):
writer.write(value)
def close(self, writer):
writer.flush()
super(_FastAvroSink, self).close(writer.fo)