org.apache.beam.sdk.io.hadoop.format

Class HadoopFormatIO

java.lang.Object

org.apache.beam.sdk.io.hadoop.format.HadoopFormatIO

public class HadoopFormatIO
extends java.lang.Object

A HadoopFormatIO is a Transform for reading data from any source or writing data to any sink which implements Hadoop InputFormat or OutputFormat. For example: Cassandra, Elasticsearch, HBase, Redis, Postgres etc. HadoopFormatIO has to make several performance trade-offs in connecting to InputFormat or OutputFormat, so if there is another Beam IO Transform specifically for connecting to your data source of choice, we would recommend using that one, but this IO Transform allows you to connect to many data sources/sinks that do not yet have a Beam IO Transform.

Reading using Hadoop HadoopFormatIO

You will need to pass a Hadoop Configuration with parameters specifying how the read will occur. Many properties of the Configuration are optional, and some are required for certain InputFormat classes, but the following properties must be set for all InputFormats:

• mapreduce.job.inputformat.class: The InputFormat class used to connect to your data source of choice.
• key.class: The key class returned by the InputFormat in mapreduce.job.inputformat.class.
• value.class: The value class returned by the InputFormat in mapreduce.job.inputformat.class.

For example:

 {
   Configuration myHadoopConfiguration = new Configuration(false);
   // Set Hadoop InputFormat, key and value class in configuration
   myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("mapreduce.job.inputformat.class",
      MyDbInputFormatClass, InputFormat.class);
   myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("key.class", MyDbInputFormatKeyClass, Object.class);
   myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("value.class",
      MyDbInputFormatValueClass, Object.class);
 }
 

You will need to check to see if the key and value classes output by the InputFormat have a Beam Coder available. If not, you can use withKeyTranslation/withValueTranslation to specify a method transforming instances of those classes into another class that is supported by a Beam Coder. These settings are optional and you don't need to specify translation for both key and value. If you specify a translation, you will need to make sure the K or V of the read transform match the output type of the translation.

You will need to set appropriate InputFormat key and value class (i.e. "key.class" and "value.class") in Hadoop Configuration. If you set different InputFormat key or value class than InputFormat's actual key or value class then, it may result in an error like "unexpected extra bytes after decoding" while the decoding process of key/value object happens. Hence, it is important to set appropriate InputFormat key and value class.

 Pipeline p = ...; // Create pipeline.
 // Read data only with Hadoop configuration.
 p.apply("read",
     HadoopFormatIO.<InputFormatKeyClass, InputFormatKeyClass>read()
              .withConfiguration(myHadoopConfiguration);
 
 // Read data with configuration and key translation (Example scenario: Beam Coder is not
 available for key class hence key translation is required.).
 SimpleFunction<InputFormatKeyClass, MyKeyClass> myOutputKeyType =
       new SimpleFunction<InputFormatKeyClass, MyKeyClass>() {
         public MyKeyClass apply(InputFormatKeyClass input) {
           // ...logic to transform InputFormatKeyClass to MyKeyClass
         }
 };
 

 p.apply("read",
     HadoopFormatIO.<MyKeyClass, InputFormatKeyClass>read()
              .withConfiguration(myHadoopConfiguration)
              .withKeyTranslation(myOutputKeyType);
 

// Read data with configuration and value translation (Example scenario: Beam Coder is not available for value class hence value translation is required.).

 SimpleFunction<InputFormatValueClass, MyValueClass> myOutputValueType =
      new SimpleFunction<InputFormatValueClass, MyValueClass>() {
          public MyValueClass apply(InputFormatValueClass input) {
            // ...logic to transform InputFormatValueClass to MyValueClass
          }
  };
 

 p.apply("read",
     HadoopFormatIO.<InputFormatKeyClass, MyValueClass>read()
              .withConfiguration(myHadoopConfiguration)
              .withValueTranslation(myOutputValueType);
 

Hadoop formats typically work with Writable data structures which are mutable and instances are reused by the input format reader. Therefore, to not to have elements which can change value after they are emitted from read, this IO will clone each key value read from underlying hadoop input format (unless they are in the list of well known immutable types). However, in cases where used input format does not reuse instances for key/value or translation functions are used which already output immutable types, such clone of values can be needless penalty. In these cases IO can be instructed to skip key/value cloning.

 HadoopFormatIO.Read<InputFormatKeyClass, MyValueClass> read = ...
 p.apply("read", read
     .withSkipKeyClone(true)
     .withSkipValueClone(true));
 

IMPORTANT! In case of using DBInputFormat to read data from RDBMS, Beam parallelizes the process by using LIMIT and OFFSET clauses of SQL query to fetch different ranges of records (as a split) by different workers. To guarantee the same order and proper split of results you need to order them by one or more keys (either PRIMARY or UNIQUE). It can be done during configuration step, for example:

 Configuration conf = new Configuration();
 conf.set(DBConfiguration.INPUT_TABLE_NAME_PROPERTY, tableName);
 conf.setStrings(DBConfiguration.INPUT_FIELD_NAMES_PROPERTY, "id", "name");
 conf.set(DBConfiguration.INPUT_ORDER_BY_PROPERTY, "id ASC");
 

Writing using Hadoop HadoopFormatIO

You will need to pass a Hadoop Configuration with parameters specifying how the write will occur. Many properties of the Configuration are optional, and some are required for certain OutputFormat classes, but the following properties must be set for all OutputFormats:

• mapreduce.job.id: The identifier of the write job. E.g.: end timestamp of window.
• mapreduce.job.outputformat.class: The OutputFormat class used to connect to your data sink of choice.
• mapreduce.job.output.key.class: The key class passed to the OutputFormat in mapreduce.job.outputformat.class.
• mapreduce.job.output.value.class: The value class passed to the OutputFormat in mapreduce.job.outputformat.class.
• mapreduce.job.reduces: Number of reduce tasks. Value is equal to number of write tasks which will be generated. This property is not required for HadoopFormatIO.Write.PartitionedWriterBuilder.withoutPartitioning() write.
• mapreduce.job.partitioner.class: Hadoop partitioner class which will be used for distributing of records among partitions. This property is not required for HadoopFormatIO.Write.PartitionedWriterBuilder.withoutPartitioning() write.

Note: All mentioned values have appropriate constants. E.g.: OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS_ATTR.

For example:

 Configuration myHadoopConfiguration = new Configuration(false);
 // Set Hadoop OutputFormat, key and value class in configuration
 myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("mapreduce.job.outputformat.class",
    MyDbOutputFormatClass, OutputFormat.class);
 myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("mapreduce.job.output.key.class",
    MyDbOutputFormatKeyClass, Object.class);
 myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("mapreduce.job.output.value.class",
    MyDbOutputFormatValueClass, Object.class);
 myHadoopConfiguration.setClass("mapreduce.job.partitioner.class",
    MyPartitionerClass, Object.class);
 myHadoopConfiguration.setInt("mapreduce.job.reduces", 2);
 

You will need to set OutputFormat key and value class (i.e. "mapreduce.job.output.key.class" and "mapreduce.job.output.value.class") in Hadoop Configuration which are equal to KeyT and ValueT. If you set different OutputFormat key or value class than OutputFormat's actual key or value class then, it will throw IllegalArgumentException

Batch writing

 //Data which will we want to write
 PCollection<KV<Text, LongWritable>> boundedWordsCount = ...

 //Hadoop configuration for write
 //We have partitioned write, so Partitioner and reducers count have to be set - see withPartitioning() javadoc
 Configuration myHadoopConfiguration = ...
 //path to directory with locks
 String locksDirPath = ...;

 boundedWordsCount.apply(
     "writeBatch",
     HadoopFormatIO.<Text, LongWritable>write()
         .withConfiguration(myHadoopConfiguration)
         .withPartitioning()
         .withExternalSynchronization(new HDFSSynchronization(locksDirPath)));
 

Stream writing

    // Data which will we want to write
   PCollection<KV<Text, LongWritable>> unboundedWordsCount = ...;
   // Transformation which transforms data of one window into one hadoop configuration
   PTransform<PCollection<? extends KV<Text, LongWritable>>, PCollectionView<Configuration>>
       configTransform = ...;

   unboundedWordsCount.apply(
       "writeStream",
       HadoopFormatIO.<Text, LongWritable>write()
           .withConfigurationTransform(configTransform)
           .withExternalSynchronization(new HDFSSynchronization(locksDirPath)));
 
 }

Nested Class Summary

Nested Classes

Modifier and Type	Class and Description
static class	HadoopFormatIO.HadoopInputFormatBoundedSource<K,V> Bounded source implementation for HadoopFormatIO.
static class	HadoopFormatIO.Read<K,V> A PTransform that reads from any data source which implements Hadoop InputFormat.
static class	HadoopFormatIO.SerializableSplit A wrapper to allow Hadoop InputSplit to be serialized using Java's standard serialization mechanisms.
static class	HadoopFormatIO.Write<KeyT,ValueT> A PTransform that writes to any data sink which implements Hadoop OutputFormat.

Field Summary

Fields

Modifier and Type	Field and Description
static java.lang.String	JOB_ID MRJobConfig.ID.
static java.lang.String	NUM_REDUCES MRJobConfig.NUM_REDUCES.
static java.lang.String	OUTPUT_DIR MRJobConfig.MAPREDUCE_JOB_DIR.
static java.lang.String	OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS_ATTR MRJobConfig.OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS_ATTR.
static java.lang.String	OUTPUT_KEY_CLASS MRJobConfig.OUTPUT_KEY_CLASS.
static java.lang.String	OUTPUT_VALUE_CLASS MRJobConfig.OUTPUT_VALUE_CLASS.
static java.lang.String	PARTITIONER_CLASS_ATTR MRJobConfig.PARTITIONER_CLASS_ATTR.

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Constructor and Description
HadoopFormatIO()

Method Summary

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
static <K,V> HadoopFormatIO.Read<K,V>	read() Creates an uninitialized HadoopFormatIO.Read.
static <KeyT,ValueT> HadoopFormatIO.Write.WriteBuilder<KeyT,ValueT>	write() Creates an Write.Builder for creation of Write Transformation.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS_ATTR

public static final java.lang.String OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS_ATTR

MRJobConfig.OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS_ATTR.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

OUTPUT_KEY_CLASS

public static final java.lang.String OUTPUT_KEY_CLASS

MRJobConfig.OUTPUT_KEY_CLASS.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

OUTPUT_VALUE_CLASS

public static final java.lang.String OUTPUT_VALUE_CLASS

MRJobConfig.OUTPUT_VALUE_CLASS.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

NUM_REDUCES

public static final java.lang.String NUM_REDUCES

MRJobConfig.NUM_REDUCES.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

PARTITIONER_CLASS_ATTR

public static final java.lang.String PARTITIONER_CLASS_ATTR

MRJobConfig.PARTITIONER_CLASS_ATTR.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

JOB_ID

public static final java.lang.String JOB_ID

MRJobConfig.ID.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

OUTPUT_DIR

public static final java.lang.String OUTPUT_DIR

MRJobConfig.MAPREDUCE_JOB_DIR.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

Constructor Detail

HadoopFormatIO

public HadoopFormatIO()

Method Detail

read

public static <K,V> HadoopFormatIO.Read<K,V> read()

Creates an uninitialized HadoopFormatIO.Read. Before use, the Read must be initialized with a HadoopFormatIO.Read#withConfiguration(HadoopConfiguration) that specifies the source. A key/value translation may also optionally be specified using HadoopFormatIO.Read.withKeyTranslation(org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.SimpleFunction<?, K>)/ HadoopFormatIO.Read.withValueTranslation(org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.SimpleFunction<?, V>).

write

public static <KeyT,ValueT> HadoopFormatIO.Write.WriteBuilder<KeyT,ValueT> write()

Creates an Write.Builder for creation of Write Transformation. Before creation of the transformation, chain of builders must be set.

Type Parameters:

KeyT - Type of keys to be written.

ValueT - Type of values to be written.

Returns:

Write builder